FACTORES ASOCIADOS A ENTEROCOLITIS NECROTIZANTE EN NEONATOS CON BAJO PESO AL NACER EN EL HOSPITAL DE ESPECIALIDADES “TEODORO MALDONADO CARBO” PERÍODO ENERO 2016 A MAYO 2018.

Abstract

Objective: To determine the main factors associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with low birth weight at the Teodoro Maldonado Carbo Specialty Hospital from January 2016 to May 2018. Materials and Methods: A non-experimental, descriptive, retrospective-cross-sectional study was conducted, with a quantitative approach. The study sample consisted of infants with a diagnosis of low birth weight in the neonatology area of the Hospital de Especialidades “Dr. Teodoro Maldonado Carbo ”. The sample is determined by the 126 patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria during the period January 2016 to May 2018. The factors associated with necrotizing enterocolitis were studied in patients with low birth weight. Results: A total of 126 patients were selected, which was mainly made up of male infants (57%). Birth weight was on average 1776 ± 492 grams according to this parameter, 80 newborns (63.5%) had low weight and 6.3% had extremely low birth weight. Gestational age, 81% was moderate premature with an average EG of 33.9 ± 2.8 weeks. The remaining 19% corresponded to very premature RNs (11.9%) and extreme premature infants (7.1%). The prevalence of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with low birth weight was 52.4% (66 patients) during the study period. Regarding Bell's criteria, 51.6% of stage II infants were classified (25.8% in stage IIA and IIB, respectively). Stage IIIB was presented in a patient (1.5%) and was the least frequent stage among the group studied. The main risk factors in the selected patients were respiratory distress syndrome (77%), sepsis (73%) and parenteral feeding (62.7%). Less frequently, feeding with formula and hyaline membrane syndrome was presented. It was shown that the presence of very low birth weight is significantly more frequent in the group with necrotizing enterocolitis compared to the one without this pathology (39.4% vs 20%, p-value = 0.003). In addition, the history of parenteral feeding (84.8%, p value = 0.000), invasive mechanical ventilation (74.2%, p value = 0.002), blood 10 transfusion (42.4%, p value = 0.000 were also significantly more frequent ), sepsis (90.9%, p-value = 0.000), respiratory distress syndrome (87.9%, p-value =) and feeding with formula (7.6%, p-value = 0.001). Conclusions: The conclusions of this work can be summarized in the following points: The prevalence of necrotizing enterocolitis was high in the study group because it affected more than half of the selected patients. The most frequent risk factors were respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and parenteral feeding. The main risk factors associated with necrotizing enterocolitis were very low birth weight, parenteral feeding, invasive mechanical ventilation, blood transfusion, sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome and formula feeding, as they occurred most frequently in the group that presented the pathology.